⚡Backend

TypeScript

Thanks to Turbin3's transpiler Poseiden, you can now write smart contracts in Typescript.

GitHub - Turbin3/poseidon: A Transpiler to convert your Solana programs from Typescript to AnchorGitHub

Rust

Rust is the primarily programming language used to develop Programs on Solana. Native Rust refers to writing Solana programs without using frameworks like Anchor. This approach provides developers with direct control over their Solana programs. However, it requires more manual setup and boilerplate code compared to using the Anchor.

⚓Anchor

If you decide to go the rust way, it is recommended to start your journey with the Anchor framework.

Anchor can help you write safe programs because it includes lots of checks that you would have to implement manually.

Introductionwww.anchor-lang.com

Seahorse (Python)

There are also various community driven efforts to enable writing on-chain programs using other languages, including Python via Seahorse (that acts as a wrapper the Rust based Anchor framework)

https://seahorse-lang.org/seahorse-lang.org

C/C++

Although very limited, you can still build abstract Solana programs.

solana-program-library/examples/c at master · solana-labs/solana-program-libraryGitHub

Example programs #

You can also explore the Program Examples for examples of on-chain programs.